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18 records – page 1 of 1.

Gol??v Jeníkov

https://www.cjhn.ca/link/cjhn47544
Collection
Montreal Holocaust Museum
Description Level
Item
Material Type
object
Physical Description
Album : photography, graphic arts : grey, black, blue, green ; Ht: 12,2 cm x W: 17,7 cm
Date
1967
Collection
Montreal Holocaust Museum
Description Level
Item
Material Type
object
Physical Description
Album : photography, graphic arts : grey, black, blue, green ; Ht: 12,2 cm x W: 17,7 cm
Other Title Information
Documentary Artifact
Date
1967
Physical Condition
Good
Language
Czech
English
Notes
Hardcover, cardboard bound with string. Covers are woven grey and black fabric; no text. The spine has gilded text on a black background. Interior covers are grey Interior pages consist of 19 glossy b&w postcards, photos and sketches, glued onto the bound pages. A sheet of loose-leaf paper, handwritten in blue ink, has been inserted into the album, describing the photos. The ablum is housed in a green, textured cardboard box, with the right end left open.
Accession No.
2011X.62.03
Name Access
Novak, Georges
Archival / Genealogical
Archival Descriptions
Repository
Montreal Holocaust Museum
Images
Less detail

Terezin vrchní brána

https://www.cjhn.ca/link/cjhn47651
Collection
Montreal Holocaust Museum
Description Level
Item
Material Type
object
Physical Description
Watercolour : paper : painted, cut, glued,screwed : watercolour : beige, grey, green, brown' blue, black
Date
August 28, 1943
Collection
Montreal Holocaust Museum
Description Level
Item
Material Type
object
Physical Description
Watercolour : paper : painted, cut, glued,screwed : watercolour : beige, grey, green, brown' blue, black
Other Title Information
Original Art, Painting
Date
August 28, 1943
Creator
-
Physical Condition
Excellent
Notes
Painting, depicting a view from inside a compound, of workers departing, from the main gate of Magdeburg (needs confirmation), to work in the fields; surrounded by a beige window mat. Housed in a wooden frame, with a white grain; glass glazing. The dust cover is pin-striped paper; screw eyes are found on each side, connected with metal wire.
Accession No.
2011X.62.05
Name Access
Novak, Georges
Places
Terezin (Theresienstadt), Czech Republic (Czechoslovakia), Europe
Archival / Genealogical
Archival Descriptions
Repository
Montreal Holocaust Museum
Images
Less detail

P?ib?h židovského muzea v Praze

https://www.cjhn.ca/link/cjhn47757
Collection
Montreal Holocaust Museum
Description Level
Item
Material Type
textual record
Physical Description
Book : printed, bound, photography, graphic arts : black, beige, red, blue, white ; Ht: 27,5 cm x W: 24,5 cm
Date
1966
Collection
Montreal Holocaust Museum
Description Level
Item
Material Type
textual record
Physical Description
Book : printed, bound, photography, graphic arts : black, beige, red, blue, white ; Ht: 27,5 cm x W: 24,5 cm
Other Title Information
Documentary Artifact
Date
1966
Creator
-
Physical Condition
Good
Language
Czech
Notes
347 pages. Hardcover, cardboard bound with string. The book has a dustjacket with a drawing of a scroll, floral detailing and the title printed in black on the right side. The drawing continues along the spine and back, where there is an image of a metal pointer. The book's cover is white, with 4 decorative designs and 3 gilded stars of David at the top. The back cover is the same as the front. The inside covers are of an abstract b&w drawing of 2 humans with wings, holding spears. The back inside cover has a b&w drawing of 2 peacock-like birds. Interior pages are glossy white with text, b&w drawings and photos, and colour drawings and photos. Images appear to be those of museum artefacts. A white ribbon is attached to the centre of the binding and used as a bookmark. The book comes in a beige cardboard box that is stapled together at the top and bottom.
Accession No.
2011X.62.34
Name Access
Novak, Georges
Places
Prague, Czech Republic (Czechoslovakia), Europe
Archival / Genealogical
Archival Descriptions
Repository
Montreal Holocaust Museum
Images
Less detail

Art of the Holocaust

https://www.cjhn.ca/link/cjhn47758
Collection
Montreal Holocaust Museum
Description Level
Item
Material Type
textual record
Physical Description
Book : printed, bound, photography, graphic arts : white, black ; Ht: 31,3 cm x W: 23,3 cm
Date
1981
Collection
Montreal Holocaust Museum
Description Level
Item
Material Type
textual record
Physical Description
Book : printed, bound, photography, graphic arts : white, black ; Ht: 31,3 cm x W: 23,3 cm
Other Title Information
Documentary Artifact
Date
1981
Creator
-
Physical Condition
Good
Language
English
Notes
272 pages. Hardcover, cardboard bound with string. Cover is white with the title imprinted diagonally across in white, along with a Star of David and a swastika. The title and author are printed in black along the spine; the back cover is plain white. The inside covers have a white and grey map of Europe. The interior pages are mostly glossy white (some are black). The first 43 pages are just text (in 2 columns) and the remaining pages are a mixture of b&w and colour drawings and images, each with a caption. The images are depecting the Holocaust and life in the ghettos and camps.
Accession No.
2011X.62.35
Name Access
Novak, Georges
Places
New York; Verona, United States of America; Italy, North America; Europe
Archival / Genealogical
Archival Descriptions
Repository
Montreal Holocaust Museum
Images
Less detail

Terezín: v kresbách v?z?? 1941-45

https://www.cjhn.ca/link/cjhn47759
Collection
Montreal Holocaust Museum
Description Level
Item
Material Type
textual record
Physical Description
Booklet : printed, bound, graphic arts : black, white ; Ht: 23,8 cm x W: 17,2 cm
Date
1983
Collection
Montreal Holocaust Museum
Description Level
Item
Material Type
textual record
Physical Description
Booklet : printed, bound, graphic arts : black, white ; Ht: 23,8 cm x W: 17,2 cm
Other Title Information
Documentary Artifact
Date
1983
Physical Condition
Good
Language
Czech
Notes
26 pages. Softcover, paper bound with staples. Cover is glossy white with the title printed in black at the top, under is a b&w sketch of tress with a barbed wire fence in the background. The back cover has a b&w sketch of a camp floor plan. Interior pages are white with text and b&w sketches with captions; the last few pages of the book have a list of artist names with descriptions.
Accession No.
2011X.62.27
Name Access
Novak, Georges
Places
Prague, Czech Republic (Czechoslovakia), Europe
Archival / Genealogical
Archival Descriptions
Repository
Montreal Holocaust Museum
Images
Less detail

Lípa 1940-1945: P?eškolovací tabor – Umschulungslager Linden p?edehra k tragedii Zind? v Protektoráté Cech a Moravy

https://www.cjhn.ca/link/cjhn47760
Collection
Montreal Holocaust Museum
Description Level
Item
Material Type
textual record
Physical Description
Booklet : printed, bound, graphic arts, photography : blue, black,white ; Ht: 20,8 cm x W: 14,6 cm
Date
1990
Collection
Montreal Holocaust Museum
Description Level
Item
Material Type
textual record
Physical Description
Booklet : printed, bound, graphic arts, photography : blue, black,white ; Ht: 20,8 cm x W: 14,6 cm
Other Title Information
Documentary Artifact
Date
1990
Physical Condition
Good
Language
Czech
Notes
24 pages. Soft cover, cardstock bound with staples. Cover is light blue with a black U and an outline L printed in the centre, and additional black text printed towards the bottom of the cover, above a Star of David. Interior pages are white with text, charts, b&w sketches and photocopied images.
Accession No.
2011X.62.28
Name Access
Novak, Georges
Places
Prague, Czech Republic (Czechoslovakia), Europe
Archival / Genealogical
Archival Descriptions
Repository
Montreal Holocaust Museum
Images
Less detail

Von Namen zur Nummer : Von der Nummer zum Namen zurück : Gedenkbuch für die Inhaftierten des Au?enkommando Theresienstadt

https://www.cjhn.ca/link/cjhn47761
Collection
Montreal Holocaust Museum
Description Level
Item
Material Type
book
Physical Description
Book : printed, bound, photography, graphic arts : brown, blue, white, black ; Ht: 29,9 cm x W: 21,5 cm
Date
1944-1999
Collection
Montreal Holocaust Museum
Description Level
Item
Material Type
book
Physical Description
Book : printed, bound, photography, graphic arts : brown, blue, white, black ; Ht: 29,9 cm x W: 21,5 cm
Other Title Information
Documentary Artifact
Date
1944-1999
Physical Condition
Good
Language
German
Notes
Approximately 30 pages (exact number unknown). Softcover, bound with paper, blue plastic rings and a clear brown plastic sheet; the back cover is plain bright blue plastic. The title page is white with black text. Interior pages are white with text, b&w maps, charts, photocopied portraits of men and b&w sketches of camp scenes. A letter is included with the book: white paper with red horizontal and vertical lines. The top right corner has a coloured coat-of-arms, with an ostriche and Bundesadler. The letter was signed in blue ink by the Bürgermeister of Strausberg.
Accession No.
2011X.62.29
Name Access
Novak, Georges
Places
Germany, Europe
Archival / Genealogical
Archival Descriptions
Repository
Montreal Holocaust Museum
Images
Less detail

Koncentra?ní tabor Wulkow 1944-1945

https://www.cjhn.ca/link/cjhn47762
Collection
Montreal Holocaust Museum
Description Level
Item
Material Type
textual record
Physical Description
Booklet : printed, bound, graphic arts : blue, black, white ; Ht: 20,6 cm x W: 14,3 cm
Date
1995
Collection
Montreal Holocaust Museum
Description Level
Item
Material Type
textual record
Physical Description
Booklet : printed, bound, graphic arts : blue, black, white ; Ht: 20,6 cm x W: 14,3 cm
Other Title Information
Documentary Artifact
Date
1995
Physical Condition
Good
Language
Czech
Notes
30 pages. Softcover, paper bound with staples. Cover is light blue with black text. Interior pages are white with text. On pages 8 and 9 there are a series of b&w illustrated maps.
Accession No.
2011X.62.30
Name Access
Novak, Georges
Places
Prague, Czech Republic, Europe
Archival / Genealogical
Archival Descriptions
Repository
Montreal Holocaust Museum
Images
Less detail

Terezín

https://www.cjhn.ca/link/cjhn47763
Collection
Montreal Holocaust Museum
Description Level
Item
Material Type
textual record
Physical Description
Book : printed, bound, photography, graphic arts : black, blue, white, brown, green ; Ht: 20,8 cm x W: 20,8 cm
Date
1980
Collection
Montreal Holocaust Museum
Description Level
Item
Material Type
textual record
Physical Description
Book : printed, bound, photography, graphic arts : black, blue, white, brown, green ; Ht: 20,8 cm x W: 20,8 cm
Other Title Information
Documentary Artifact
Date
1980
Creator
-
Physical Condition
Good
Language
Czech
Notes
291 pages. Hardcover, cardboard bound with string. Cover is glossy with a colour photo of a brick structure, with grass and trees on top, the title is printed in a white rectangle at the top left corner. The spine and back cover are glossy black, with white text. Interior pages are blossy white with text, b&w sketches, photos & maps and colour photos. Captions are included with the photos and drawings. The back cover has an added paper sleeve, with 2 paper maps tucked inside.
Accession No.
2011X.62.33
Name Access
Novak, Georges
Places
Prague, Czech Republic (Czechoslovakia), Europe
Archival / Genealogical
Archival Descriptions
Repository
Montreal Holocaust Museum
Images
Less detail

Jägerkaserne

https://www.cjhn.ca/link/cjhn51201
Collection
Montreal Holocaust Museum
Description Level
Item
Material Type
graphic material
Physical Description
Drawing : paper : Sketch : Ink; Pencil : Black, White ; Ht: 5,75 in. x W: 8 in.
Collection
Montreal Holocaust Museum
Description Level
Item
Material Type
graphic material
Physical Description
Drawing : paper : Sketch : Ink; Pencil : Black, White ; Ht: 5,75 in. x W: 8 in.
Other Title Information
Original Art, Work on Paper
Creator
-
Physical Condition
Excellent
Notes
Drawing depicts inside a dormitory in ghetto-camp of Terezin. Piled mattresses with two children sleeping on the edge of the pile and two adults huddled in a corner. The scene shows the last night in the Terezin Jägerkaserne for this group prior to their deportation to a killing centre Narrative: The Jägerkaserne was used as quarters for old people during the ghetto period. In addition, it served as a quarantine station for the disinfestation of personal belongings.
Accession No.
2011X.62.02
Name Access
Novak, Georges
Places
Terezin (Theresienstadt), Czech Republic, Europe
Archival / Genealogical
Archival Descriptions
Repository
Montreal Holocaust Museum
Images
Less detail

Card

https://www.cjhn.ca/link/cjhn51250
Collection
Montreal Holocaust Museum
Description Level
Item
Material Type
textual record
Physical Description
Card : Paper : Ink : Beige, Black, White, ; Ht: 4,25 in. x W: 3 in.
Date
November 11, 1943-April 23, 1945
Collection
Montreal Holocaust Museum
Description Level
Item
Material Type
textual record
Physical Description
Card : Paper : Ink : Beige, Black, White, ; Ht: 4,25 in. x W: 3 in.
Other Title Information
Documentary Artifact
Date
November 11, 1943-April 23, 1945
Physical Condition
Poor
Language
German
Notes
Card folded in two, text on front and back. Narrative: Work identification card duplicate issued to Georg Pick in Ghetto Theresienstadt. First entry dates November 11, 1943 and last entry dates April 20, 1945. Handritten note dates July 1945 regarding repatriation. Inside on page 2 and 3 are listed the different occupations held by the card holder. On the fourth page are listed instructions for the card holder.
Accession No.
2011X.62.08
Name Access
Novak, Georges
Places
Terezin (Theresienstadt), Czech Republic, Europe
Archival / Genealogical
Archival Descriptions
Repository
Montreal Holocaust Museum
Images
Less detail

Terezin, Block L 100

https://www.cjhn.ca/link/cjhn60062
Collection
Montreal Holocaust Museum
Description Level
Item
Material Type
object
Physical Description
Watercolour : Painting : Watercolour : red, white, blue, green, yellow, black ; Ht: 8,25 in. x W: 6 in.
Date
June 05, 1944
Collection
Montreal Holocaust Museum
Description Level
Item
Material Type
object
Physical Description
Watercolour : Painting : Watercolour : red, white, blue, green, yellow, black ; Ht: 8,25 in. x W: 6 in.
Other Title Information
Original Art, Painting
Date
June 05, 1944
Creator
-
Physical Condition
Excellent
Notes
Framed, depicting a view from inside the Jewish quarter of block L100 and the overpass built for the German workers employed in the Sicherheitsdienst Archives (Security service), so that they may not have contact with the inmates.
Accession No.
2011X.62.04
Name Access
Novak, Georges
Places
Terezin (Theresienstadt), Czech Republic, Europe
Archival / Genealogical
Archival Descriptions
Repository
Montreal Holocaust Museum
Images
Less detail

Education certificate

https://www.cjhn.ca/link/cjhn76598
Collection
Montreal Holocaust Museum
Description Level
Item
Material Type
textual record
Physical Description
Education certificate : Paper ; Ht: 26 cm x W: 20,5 cm
Date
August 26, 1944
Collection
Montreal Holocaust Museum
Description Level
Item
Material Type
textual record
Physical Description
Education certificate : Paper ; Ht: 26 cm x W: 20,5 cm
Other Title Information
Documentary Artifact
Date
August 26, 1944
Notes
beige paper printed in black ink, grey blue watermark. This is a certificate for bookbinding issued by the Jewish community of Prague to Georg Pick. 2 ink stamps for the Jewish community at the bottom of the page.
Accession No.
2010.15.01
Name Access
Novak, Georges
Places
Prague, Czech Republic, Europe
Archival / Genealogical
Archival Descriptions
Repository
Montreal Holocaust Museum
Less detail

Membership card

https://www.cjhn.ca/link/cjhn76599
Collection
Montreal Holocaust Museum
Description Level
Item
Material Type
textual record
Physical Description
Membership card : Paper ; Ht: 7,9 cm x W: 11,5 cm
Date
1946
Collection
Montreal Holocaust Museum
Description Level
Item
Material Type
textual record
Physical Description
Membership card : Paper ; Ht: 7,9 cm x W: 11,5 cm
Other Title Information
Documentary Artifact
Date
1946
Notes
White cardstock card painted in black. Stamped with red and purple ink stamps, signed in black and blue inks on the front, two paper membership fees stamps for 1946 are glued at the back, one red and one blue. Paper stamps have a hammer and a feather in a circle design. This is a membership card for Jiri Novak as a member of the Czech National Socialist party.
Accession No.
2010.15.02
Name Access
Novak, Georges
Places
Czech Republic, Europe
Archival / Genealogical
Archival Descriptions
Repository
Montreal Holocaust Museum
Less detail

Jewish wrestling world champion Kopecky

https://www.cjhn.ca/link/cjhn76600
Collection
Montreal Holocaust Museum
Description Level
Item
Material Type
graphic material
Physical Description
Photograph : Paper : b&w ; Ht: 13,7 cm x W: 8,8 cm
Collection
Montreal Holocaust Museum
Description Level
Item
Material Type
graphic material
Physical Description
Photograph : Paper : b&w ; Ht: 13,7 cm x W: 8,8 cm
Other Title Information
Documentary Artifact
Language
Czech
Notes
B&w portrait of young man posing in wrestling pose, arms at an angle and fists closed. One medal is hanging by a ribbon around his neck and 4 medals pinned to his outfit. Narrative: The wrestler came from Cesky Brod, the donor's hometown.
Accession No.
2010.15.03
Name Access
Novak, Georges
Archival / Genealogical
Archival Descriptions
Repository
Montreal Holocaust Museum
Images
Less detail

Certificate

https://www.cjhn.ca/link/cjhn78280
Collection
Montreal Holocaust Museum
Description Level
Item
Material Type
textual record
Physical Description
Certificate : Paper : printed, typed : Ink : beige, blue, black, red, purple ; Ht: 29,8 cm x W: 21 cm
Date
August 26, 1941
Collection
Montreal Holocaust Museum
Description Level
Item
Material Type
textual record
Physical Description
Certificate : Paper : printed, typed : Ink : beige, blue, black, red, purple ; Ht: 29,8 cm x W: 21 cm
Other Title Information
Documentary Artifact
Date
August 26, 1941
Physical Condition
Excellent
Language
Czech
German
Notes
1 page. One-sided. On the background is a watermark of a Star of David surrounded with a laurel branch and a vine branch. On the t.l. is a red fiscal stamp valued at 5 Reichsmark. The document was issued to Georges Novak when he graduated a book-binding course. Narrative: Georges Novak was born Jiricek Pick on 1923-08-06 in Cesky Brod (Czech Republic, then Czechoslovakia). Georges' father, Vladimir, owned a large textile mill and factory that employed 400 people. His mother was an accomplished opera singer. George and his sister Hana were brought up in a Catholic home as Georges’ father had converted to Catholicism. Georges' father's Jewish identity was not revealed until the Germans identified him as a Jew. On 1939-03-15, the German Army invaded their hometown. In 1940, Georges was classified as a Jew according to the Nuremberg Laws and was forbidden to attend school. In 1941, he moved to Prague where he studied book binding. Georges' father was imprisoned by the Gestapo. In Prague, Georges was falsely arrested for sabotage and sentenced to life in prison. He spent two years at Lipa camp. He described it as a farm with livestock and a vegetable garden where Georges was guarded by a German couple. On 1943-09-13, Georges was transferred to Theresienstadt ghetto-camp. There, he was sent to a military prison called Kleine Festung. During the day, Georges was assigned to work in the garden and was able to smuggle vegetables into the ghetto-camp. In 1945-05, the Soviet Army liberated Theresienstadt. Georges escaped from the Russians and went to Prague where he attended medical school at Charles University. He learned that his parents and his sister had been deported in 1942 and were murdered in Auschwitz. Georges immigrated to Montreal alone in 1949.
Accession No.
2011X.62.01
Name Access
Novak, Georges
Places
Prague, Czech Republic, Europe
Archival / Genealogical
Archival Descriptions
Repository
Montreal Holocaust Museum
Images
Less detail

Jiricek and Hana Novak in children's parade

https://www.cjhn.ca/link/cjhn78319
Collection
Montreal Holocaust Museum
Description Level
Item
Material Type
graphic material
Physical Description
Photograph : Paper ; Ht: 3 1/8 in. x W: 5 1/4 in.
Date
September 5, 1926
Collection
Montreal Holocaust Museum
Description Level
Item
Material Type
graphic material
Physical Description
Photograph : Paper ; Ht: 3 1/8 in. x W: 5 1/4 in.
Other Title Information
Documentary Artifact
Date
September 5, 1926
Physical Condition
Good
Language
Czech
Notes
b&w, outdoor. Two children sibilings Jiricek (Georges) and Hana Novak are sitting on a toy car decorated with plants and flowers. Jiricek is dressed as a firefighter and Hana is sitting on tricycle behind him, she has a star on her shirt. Narrative: Georges Novak was born Jiricek Pick on 1923-08-06 in Cesky Brod (Czech Republic, then Czechoslovakia). Georges' father, Vladimir, owned a large textile mill and factory that employed 400 people. His mother was an accomplished opera singer. George and his sister Hana were brought up in a Catholic home as Georges’ father had converted to Catholicism. Georges' father's Jewish identity was not revealed until the Germans identified him as a Jew. On 1939-03-15, the German Army invaded their hometown. In 1940, Georges was classified as a Jew according to the Nuremberg Laws and was forbidden to attend school. In 1941, he moved to Prague where he studied book binding. Georges' father was imprisoned by the Gestapo. In Prague, Georges was falsely arrested for sabotage and sentenced to life in prison. He spent two years at Lipa camp. He described it as a farm with livestock and a vegetable garden where Georges was guarded by a German couple. On 1943-09-13, Georges was transferred to Theresienstadt ghetto-camp. There, he was sent to a military prison called Kleine Festung. During the day, Georges was assigned to work in the garden and was able to smuggle vegetables into the ghetto-camp. In 1945-05, the Soviet Army liberated Theresienstadt. Georges escaped from the Russians and went to Prague where he attended medical school at Charles University. He learned that his parents and his sister had been deported in 1942 and were murdered in Auschwitz. Georges immigrated to Montreal alone in 1949.
Accession No.
2011X.62.14
Name Access
Novak, Georges
Places
Golcuv-Jenikov, Czech Republic, Europe
Archival / Genealogical
Archival Descriptions
Repository
Montreal Holocaust Museum
Images
Less detail

Sokol movement youth group

https://www.cjhn.ca/link/cjhn78320
Collection
Montreal Holocaust Museum
Description Level
Item
Material Type
graphic material
Physical Description
Photograph : Paper ; Ht: 3 3/8 in. x W: 5 1/4 in.
Date
1930
Collection
Montreal Holocaust Museum
Description Level
Item
Material Type
graphic material
Physical Description
Photograph : Paper ; Ht: 3 3/8 in. x W: 5 1/4 in.
Other Title Information
Documentary Artifact
Date
1930
Physical Condition
Good
Notes
b&w, outdoor, group photo of boys in uniform posing in front of a building's doors. A man holding a flag is standing on the right side. George (Jiricek) Novak is standing fourth from the left on the middle row. Narrative: Georges Novak was born Jiricek Pick on 1923-08-06 in Cesky Brod (Czech Republic, then Czechoslovakia). Georges' father, Vladimir, owned a large textile mill and factory that employed 400 people. His mother was an accomplished opera singer. George and his sister Hana were brought up in a Catholic home as Georges’ father had converted to Catholicism. Georges' father's Jewish identity was not revealed until the Germans identified him as a Jew. On 1939-03-15, the German Army invaded their hometown. In 1940, Georges was classified as a Jew according to the Nuremberg Laws and was forbidden to attend school. In 1941, he moved to Prague where he studied book binding. Georges' father was imprisoned by the Gestapo. In Prague, Georges was falsely arrested for sabotage and sentenced to life in prison. He spent two years at Lipa camp. He described it as a farm with livestock and a vegetable garden where Georges was guarded by a German couple. On 1943-09-13, Georges was transferred to Theresienstadt ghetto-camp. There, he was sent to a military prison called Kleine Festung. During the day, Georges was assigned to work in the garden and was able to smuggle vegetables into the ghetto-camp. In 1945-05, the Soviet Army liberated Theresienstadt. Georges escaped from the Russians and went to Prague where he attended medical school at Charles University. He learned that his parents and his sister had been deported in 1942 and were murdered in Auschwitz. Georges immigrated to Montreal alone in 1949.
Accession No.
2011X.62.15
Name Access
Novak, Georges
Places
Golcuv-Jenikov, Czech Republic, Europe
Archival / Genealogical
Archival Descriptions
Repository
Montreal Holocaust Museum
Images
Less detail

18 records – page 1 of 1.